Marginal Ulcer Incidence and the Population of Gastrin Producing G cells Retained in the Gastric Pouch after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Is There a Relationship?

INTRODUCTION: Marginal ulcers are the most prevalent endoscopic abnormality after RYGB. The etiology is still poorly understood; however, an increase in acid secretion has been strongly implicated as a causal agent. Although gastrin is the greatest stimulant of acid secretion, to date, the presence of gastrin producing G cells retained in the gastric pouch, related to the occurrence of marginal ulcers, has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the density of G cells and parietal cells in the gastric pouch of RYGB patients with a diagnosis of marginal ulcer on the post-op EGD. METHOD: We retrospectively evaluated 1104 gastric bypasses performed between 2010 and 2020. Patients with marginal ulcer who met the inclusion criteria and controls were selected from this same population. Endoscopic gastric pouch biopsies were evaluated using immunohistochemical study and HE staining to assess G cell and parietal cell density. RESULTS: In total, 572 (51.8%) of the patients performed endoscopic follow-up after RYGB. The incidence of marginal ulcer was 23/572 (4%), and 3 patients required revision surgery due to a recalcitrant ulcer. The mean time for ulcer identification was 24.3 months (2-62). G cell count per high-power field (× 400) was statistically higher in the ulcer group (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in parietal cell density between groups (p 0.251). CONCLUSION: Patients with a marginal ulcer after gastric bypass present a higher density of gastrin-producing G cells retained in the gastric pouch.

Effect of Supervised and Unsupervised Exercise Training in Outdoor Gym on the Lifestyle of Elderly People.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of supervised and unsupervised physical training programs using outdoor gym equipment on the lifestyles of elderly people. METHODS: physically independent elderly people were randomly distributed into three groups: supervised training (n: 20; ST), unsupervised training (n: 20; UT) and control (n: 20; C). The ST and UT groups completed a 12-week program, with exercises performed three times a week. The ST group underwent weekly 30 min sessions consisting of a 5 min warm-up (walking at 60% of HRmax), followed by 20 sets of 30, "monitored by a metronome with 30" of passive recovery between sets and a five-minute cool-down. The following equipment was used: elliptical, rowing, surfing and leg press. The UT group was instructed to freely attend the gym and train spontaneously using the same equipment used by ST. Lifestyle changes were evaluated using a questionnaire containing specific domains. RESULTS: no significant differences were identified in the domains for family, physical activity, nutrition, smoking, sleep, behavior, introspection, work and overall score; however, the values corresponding to the alcohol domain for the ST and UT groups were lower (p < 0.05) than the C group, remaining even lower after the 12 weeks of intervention. Time effect (p < 0.05) was found only in the ST group for the physical domains, sleep, behavior and overall score. CONCLUSION: elderly people submitted to supervised and unsupervised physical exercise programs using outdoor gym equipment present positive changes in lifestyle parameters compared to physical inactive elderly people.

Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage after a High-Intensity Interval Exercise Session: Systematic Review.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered an effective method to improve fitness and health indicators, but its high-intensity exercises and the mechanical and metabolic stress generated during the session can lead to the occurrence of exercise-induced muscle damage. Therefore, this study aimed to describe, by means of a systematic review, the effects of a single HIIT session on exercise-induced muscle damage. A total of 43 studies were found in the Medline/PubMed Science Direct/Embase/Scielo/CINAHL/LILACS databases; however, after applying the exclusion criteria, only 15 articles were considered eligible for this review. The total sample was 315 participants. Among them, 77.2% were men, 13.3% were women and 9.5 uninformed. Their age ranged from 20.1 ± 2 to 47.8 ± 7.5 years. HIIT protocols included running with ergometers (n = 6), CrossFit-specific exercises (n = 2), running without ergometers (n = 3), swimming (n = 1), the Wingate test on stationary bicycles (n = 2), and cycling (n = 1). The most applied intensity controls were %vVO2max, "all out", MV, MAV, Vmax, and HRreserve%. The most used markers to evaluate muscle damage were creatine kinase, myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase. The time for muscle damage assessment ranged from immediately post exercise to seven days. HIIT protocols were able to promote changes in markers of exercise-induced muscle damage, evidenced by increases in CK, Mb, LDH, AST, ALT, pain, and muscle circumference observed mainly immediately and 24 h after the HIIT session.

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Muscle Performance and Muscle Damage: A Double Blind, Randomized Crossover Study.

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) has been used as an ergogenic substance during high-intensity exercises. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of NaHCO3 supplementation on external and internal load parameters during isokinetic exercise in trained subjects. Ten subjects were tested on two occasions: after ingesting 0.3 g.kg-1 of body mass of NaHCO3 or placebo. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction was performed before and after a dynamic protocol consisting of 10 series of 10 movements of flexion/extension of the knee extensors at 120° s-1 at an interval of 60 s between series. Outcomes considered were: peak torque (isokinetic dynamometry), blood lactate and creatine concentration (CK), analysis of perceptions of effort (OMNI scale), pain (visual analog scale) and recovery (scale raging 6 to 20). Performance was assessed using peak torque values. Muscle damage was assessed prior and 24 h post exercise. The subjective perceptions of effort, pain and recovery were assessed at different times and the internal load of the session was assessed 30 min post-effort. Although significant reductions in peak torque were noted both in isometric (NaHCO3:-29.11 ± 22.95%, Placebo: -23.51 ± 15.23%; p = 0.38) and isokinetic strength (NaHCO3:-23.0 ± 13.9%, Placebo:-19.6 ± 9.1%; p = 0.09), there was no effect of supplementation on performance (p > 0.05). The blood CK concentrations (NaHCO3: pre:225.3 ± 135.9 U/L, post: 418.4 ± 318.4 U/L; Placebo: pre:238 ± 94.03 U/L, post:486 ± 336.6 U/L) increased after protocol (p = 0.005), however, without differences between conditions. In conclusion, the NaHCO3 did not attribute benefits in performance or in parameters related to the internal load of exercise.

Consumption of nutritional supplements by teenagers attending gyms supplements and exercise in teenagers / Consumo de suplementos nutricionais por adolescentes frequentadores de academias

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the supplements used by adolescents in gyms in the city of São Paulo and the factors related to their use. Methods: Participants were 1,012 adolescents of both sexes, aged between 13 and 18 years old, all of them regular regulars at gyms in the city of São Paulo. For data collection, a questionnaire was used to identify the main supplements consumed by adolescents. The chi-square test was used to verify possible associations with a significance of p<0.05. Results: The use of supplements was more frequent in the age group between 16 and 18 years, in the socioeconomic level B, and the use of these supplements was higher as the time of exercise in the gym was longer (>12 months). The amount of exercise modalities practiced in the gym was inversely associated with the use of supplements. Male adolescents consumed significantly more supplements than females, and Physical Education professionals, friends and parents were the ones who most influenced adolescents to use supplements. The main supplements used by the boys were carbohydrate gel (90.9%) and hypercaloric (94.5%). In girls it was fat burner (55.0%) and vitamins and minerals (50.0%). Conclusion: The use of supplements was common among adolescents who exercise in gyms in São Paulo and the indication was made by physical education professional.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os suplementos utilizados por adolescentes em academias da cidade de São Paulo e os fatores relacionados à sua utilização. Métodos: Participaram 1.012 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade variando entre 13 e 18 anos, sendo todos frequentadores regulares de academias de ginástica na cidade de São Paulo. Para coletada de dados, foi utilizado um questionário com objetivo de identificar os principais suplementos consumidos pelos adolescentes. Utilizou-se o teste Qui Quadrado para verificar possíveis associações com significância de p<0,05. Resultados: O uso de suplementos foi mais frequente na faixa etária entre 16 e 18 anos, no nível socioeconômico B, e, o uso desses suplementos foi mais alto a medida que o tempo de prática de exercício na academia foi maior (>12 meses). A quantidade de modalidades de exercício praticada na academia esteve inversamente associada ao uso de suplementos. Adolescentes do sexo masculino consumiram significativamente mais suplementos do que o sexo feminino, e, os profissionais de Educação Física, amigos e pais foram os que mais influenciaram os adolescentes para o uso de suplementos. Os principais suplementos utilizados pelos meninos foram o gel de carboidrato (90,9%) e hipercalóricos (94,5%). Nas meninas foram o fat burner (55,0%) e vitaminas e minerais (50,0%). Conclusão: O uso de suplementos foi comum entre adolescentes praticantes de exercícios em academias de São Paulo e a indicação foi feita basicamente por profissionais de educação física.

Análise de parâmetros de programa de treinamento e lesões em corredores amadores / Analysis of training program parameters and injuries of amateur runners

A corrida de rua tem sido incentivada em função dos diferentes benefícios encontrados com a sua prática. Entretanto, ainda não está claro na literatura informações sobre programas de treinamento e lesões em praticantes entre homens e mulheres. Objetivo: Analisar e comparar os parâmetros dos programas de treinamento e a incidência de lesões entre praticantes de corrida. Métodos: O estudo transversal-retrospectivo avaliou corredores recreacionais da cidade de Vitória/ES. Os 56 voluntários (29 homens e 27 mulheres) responderam questões contendo características pessoais relacionadas a sua rotina e parâmetros de treinamento bem como lesões e ações preventivas. Resultados: Foi observado que 67,9% realizam algum tipo de treinamento preventivo para evitar lesões, 30,4% tiveram ao menos duas lesões nos últimos quatro anos, 26,8% tiveram lesões na região do joelho, 67,9% ficaram afastados pelo menos um mês por conta de lesões, 42,9% não têm queixa de dores atuais. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo sugerem similaridade na prevalência de lesões entre corredores de ambos os sexos, bem como no programa de treinamento. (AU)

Gastrointestinal emergency care during the COVID-19 pandemic: rapid communication.

OBJECTIVE: Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a decrease in the search for medical care. High-risk patients have avoided hospital environments fearing infection. We hypothesize that there was also a decrease in the search for medical care related to gastrointestinal emergencies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of consultations for severe gastrointestinal emergencies during and before the months of the pandemic. METHODS: This was a transversal study. The inclusion criteria were cases of consultation in the emergency department for gastrointestinal diseases that required hospitalization, from January to April, from 2015 to 2020. The pediatric population (under age 12) was excluded. RESULTS: A total of 2,457 cases of cases was included. The number of emergency hospitalizations for gastrointestinal cases decreased during the first four months of 2020: 108, 112, 82, and 77, respectively. Comparing April of 2020 with previous years, there was a lower than expected number of cases during the social distancing period (P=0.002). CONCLUSION: This study reports a pronounced decrease in consultations for severe gastrointestinal emergencies during the pandemic. Governments and society should be aware that health crises do not halt the natural occurrence of noninfectious diseases; otherwise, an increase in mortality from these morbidities may arise.

Preoperative Level of Leptin Can Be a Predictor of Glycemic Control for Patients with Diabetes Undergoing Bariatric Surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery is a first-line treatment for patients with obesity and diabetes. It is uncertain whether leptin has an influence on glycemia in the postoperative period. METHODS: A cohort study of thirty-eight individuals with obesity and diabetes who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was undertaken. The levels of leptin, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin were verified in the preoperative period and in the first and third postoperative months. RESULTS: The majority of patients were women (81.6%), and the mean age was 47.3 years (SD 8.8). The mean BMI was reduced by 17.75% (from 47.3 to 38.9 kg/m2) and the mean glycemia by 26.76%. Preoperative leptin had a moderate positive correlation with glucose level at the third month (Pearson r = 0.46, P = 0.02), but not with HbA1c. Patients with leptin above 27.34 ng/mL had a higher glucose level at the end of observation (101.9 versus 88.9, t test, P = 0.042). CONCLUSION: The search for factors that influence diabetes control after bariatric surgery is of major importance in clinical practice. Our study reported a level of leptin that can predict the prognosis of glycemic control after the intervention. This finding still needs to be validated and confirmed in other populations.

Gastrointestinal emergency care during the COVID-19 pandemic: rapid communication

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a decrease in the search for medical care. High-risk patients have avoided hospital environments fearing infection. We hypothesize that there was also a decrease in the search for medical care related to gastrointestinal emergencies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of consultations for severe gastrointestinal emergencies during and before the months of the pandemic. METHODS: This was a transversal study. The inclusion criteria were cases of consultation in the emergency department for gastrointestinal diseases that required hospitalization, from January to April, from 2015 to 2020. The pediatric population (under age 12) was excluded. RESULTS: A total of 2,457 cases of cases was included. The number of emergency hospitalizations for gastrointestinal cases decreased during the first four months of 2020: 108, 112, 82, and 77, respectively. Comparing April of 2020 with previous years, there was a lower than expected number of cases during the social distancing period (P=0.002). CONCLUSION: This study reports a pronounced decrease in consultations for severe gastrointestinal emergencies during the pandemic. Governments and society should be aware that health crises do not halt the natural occurrence of noninfectious diseases; otherwise, an increase in mortality from these morbidities may arise.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O distanciamento social durante a pandemia por COVID-19 tem sido associado a uma redução na busca por atendimento médico. Pacientes de alto risco têm evitado ambiente hospitalar com receio de infectar-se. Nossa hipótese é de que houve também uma redução no atendimento médico a emergências gastrointestinais. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a frequência de consultas por emergências gastrointestinais graves durante e antes da pandemia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal. O critério de inclusão foram casos de consulta em emergência por patologia gastrointestinal que tenham requerido hospitalização, de janeiro a abril dos anos 2015 a 2020. A população pediátrica foi excluída. RESULTADOS: Um total de 2.457 casos foi incluído. O número de hospitalizações via emergência durante os primeiros quatro meses de 2020 foi: 108, 112, 82 e 77, respectivamente. Comparando abril de 2020 com anos anteriores, houve um número de atendimentos abaixo do esperado (p=0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo relata uma redução pronunciada em atendimentos por emergências gastrointestinais graves na pandemia. Governos e sociedade devem estar cientes de que tais crises de saúde não interrompem a ocorrência natural de doenças não infecciosas, do contrário poderá ocorrer um aumento na mortalidade por outras morbidades.

Elastic Fibers Density: a New Parameter of Improvement of NAFLD in Bariatric Surgery Patients.

PURPOSE: Obesity is a major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), affecting 25% of the worldwide population. Weight loss through bariatric surgery can improve much of the liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, it is not known whether there is reversal of the elastic fiber deposition process, triggered by hepatic damage and related to worse prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Individuals submitted to bariatric surgery at our institution, from March 2016 to June 2017, with intraoperative liver biopsy confirming NAFLD were approached. Those who consented were submitted to a second liver biopsy 1 year later and were included. Specimens were sliced and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red for histological assessment according to Brunt's criteria and with orcein for digital analysis morphometrics using ImageJ®. Quantification of elastic fibers was accomplished by corrected integrated density. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were included. Body mass index, metabolic markers, NAFLD activity score, and fibrosis improved 1 year after the procedure. The elastic fiber density showed a significant decrease: 239.3 × 103 absorbance micrometer2 (141.08-645.32) to 74.62 × 103 absorbance micrometer2 (57.42-145.17), p = 0.007. CONCLUSION: Liver elastic fiber density decreases with the reversal of NAFLD through weight loss.

ASSOCIATION OF DUODENAL EOSINOPHILIC INFILTRATE WITH HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION, BUT NOT WITH FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA.

BACKGROUND: The role of Helicobacter pylori infection on eosinophilic infiltration in duodenal mucosa is poorly studied. An increase in the number of eosinophils in duodenum has been associated with functional dyspepsia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of H. pylori infection on duodenal eosinophil count and the role of eosinophilic infiltrate of duodenum in functional dyspepsia. METHODS: Positive and negative H. pylori individuals were included. Both functional dyspeptic patients according to Rome III criteria (cases) and individuals without gastrointestinal symptoms (controls) were enrolled. They were submitted to upper endoscopy and H. pylori infection was verified by gastric histopathology and urease test. Eosinophils in the duodenal mucosa were counted in five high-power fields, randomly selected on slides of endoscopic biopsies. RESULTS: Thirty-nine H. pylori positive (mean age 40.5 and 69.2% women) and 24 negative patients (mean age 37.3 and 75% women) were included. The influence of the infection was observed in the duodenal eosinophil count, which was higher in infected individuals: median 13.2 vs 8.1 in non-infected individuals (P=0.005). When we analyzed patients according to symptoms, cases - mean age 39.6; 71.4% women - and controls - mean age 38.7; 71.4% women - had similar duodenal eosinophil count: median 11.9 and 12.6 respectively (P=0.19). CONCLUSIONS: We did not demonstrate association of duodenal eosinophil count with functional dyspepsia but found association with H. pylori infection.

Associação de infiltrado eosinofílico duodenal com infecção por Helicobacter pylori, mas não com dispepsia funcional / Association of duodenal eosinophilic infiltrate with helicobacter pylori infection, but not with functional dyspepsia

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The role of Helicobacter pylori infection on eosinophilic infiltration in duodenal mucosa is poorly studied. An increase in the number of eosinophils in duodenum has been associated with functional dyspepsia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of H. pylori infection on duodenal eosinophil count and the role of eosinophilic infiltrate of duodenum in functional dyspepsia. METHODS: Positive and negative H. pylori individuals were included. Both functional dyspeptic patients according to Rome III criteria (cases) and individuals without gastrointestinal symptoms (controls) were enrolled. They were submitted to upper endoscopy and H. pylori infection was verified by gastric histopathology and urease test. Eosinophils in the duodenal mucosa were counted in five high-power fields, randomly selected on slides of endoscopic biopsies. RESULTS: Thirty-nine H. pylori positive (mean age 40.5 and 69.2% women) and 24 negative patients (mean age 37.3 and 75% women) were included. The influence of the infection was observed in the duodenal eosinophil count, which was higher in infected individuals: median 13.2 vs 8.1 in non-infected individuals (P=0.005). When we analyzed patients according to symptoms, cases - mean age 39.6; 71.4% women - and controls - mean age 38.7; 71.4% women - had similar duodenal eosinophil count: median 11.9 and 12.6 respectively (P=0.19). CONCLUSIONS: We did not demonstrate association of duodenal eosinophil count with functional dyspepsia but found association with H. pylori infection.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O papel de infecção por Helicobacter pylori no infiltrado eosinofílico duodenal ainda é pouco compreendido. Um aumento no número de eosinófilos duodenais tem sido associado a dispepsia funcional. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do H. pylori na contagem de eosinófilos duodenais e o papel do infiltrado eosinofílico duodenal na dispepsia funcional. MÉTODOS: Indivíduos H. pylori positivo e negativo foram incluídos. Ambos os grupos, compreendendo dispépticos funcionais pelos critérios de Roma III (casos) e indivíduos sem sintomas gastrointestinais (controles), foram submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta para pesquisa de H. pylori, efetuada por histopatologia e teste de urease. Eosinófilos na mucosa duodenal foram contabilizados em cinco campos de maior aumento, selecionados randomicamente nas lâminas de biópsia endoscópicas. RESULTADOS: Trinta e nove indivíduos H. pylori positivo (média de idade 40,5 e 69,2% mulheres) e 24 H. pylori negativos (média de idade 37,3 e 75% mulheres) foram incluídos. A influência da infecção por H. pylori foi observada na contagem de eosinófilos, que foi maior nos positivos: mediana 13,2 vs 8,1 (P=0,005). Quando analisados pacientes de acordo com sintomas, os casos (média de idade 39,6 e 71,4% mulheres) e controles (média de idade 38,7 e 71,4% mulheres), apresentaram semelhante contagem de eosinófilos duodenais: mediana 11,9 e 12,6, respectivamente (P=0,19). CONCLUSÃO: Não demonstramos associação da contagem de eosinófilos duodenais com dispepsia duodenal, mas encontramos associação com infecção por H. pylori.

Tratamento cirúrgico da síndrome da artéria mesentérica superior em paciente idosa / Surgical treatment of mesenteric superior artery syndrome in an older woman

A síndrome da artéria mesentérica superior (SAM), ou síndrome de Wilkie, é uma afecção rara que acomete geralmente indivíduos jovens do sexo feminino. Caracterizada pela obstrução parcial ou completa do duodeno devido à compressão pela artéria mesentérica superior anteriormente, e pela aorta, posteriormente. Apresentamos um caso não usual de SAM, em paciente idosa, diagnosticado através de história clínica e imagem tomográfica característica. Indicou-se manejo cirúrgico de derivação jejunal e anastomose com duodeno acima da obstrução, na ciência do risco do procedimento. A paciente apresentou excelente evolução e encontra-se assintomática. O diagnóstico precoce, através de uma anamnese adequada e uso dos critérios radiológicos já definidos em literatura, podem afetar positivamente o desfecho dos pacientes portadores em qualquer faixa etária. (AU)

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS), or Wilkie syndrome, is a rare condition that usually affects young women. It is characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the duodenum due to compression by the superior mesenteric artery anteriorly and by the aorta posteriorly. We report an unusual case of SMAS in an older woman diagnosed using clinical history and tomographic imaging. Surgical management consisting of jejunal shunt and anastomosis with duodenum above the obstruction was indicated despite the risk of the procedure. The outcome was excellent, and the patient is asymptomatic. Early diagnosis using adequate anamnesis and radiological criteria defined in the literature may positively influence the outcome of patients from any age group. (AU)

Apresentação rara de carcinoma epidermoide: relato de caso / Rare presentation of epidermoide carcinoma: case report

O diagnóstico endoscópico de carcinoma epidermoide esofágico múltiplo é incomum. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente de 49 anos com três lesões tumorais, que podem ter surgido por metástase intramural de lesão primária ou por multicentricidade. Este artigo objetiva o estudo deste caso através de dados da literatura.

The endoscopic diagnosis of the multiple oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is uncommon. We describe a forty-nine-year old patient case with three tumor lesions that could have appeared through an intramural metastasis of primary lesion or multicentricity. This article aims the study of this case based on medical data.

Effects of flaxseed on rat milk creamatocrit and its contribution to offspring body growth.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of flaxseed on rat milk creamatocrit and its contribution to offspring weight gain during lactation. METHODS: The study was conducted with 22 Lister Hooded rats divided into two groups: Control Group (CG, n = 11), which received a casein-based diet with 17% protein, and Flaxseed Group (FG, n = 11), which received a 25% flaxseed diet supplemented with 14% casein, totaling 17% protein. Food consumption was controlled per individual cage and litter size. Maternal milk creamatocrit and offspring weight variation until weaning age were also evaluated. RESULTS: FG was similar to CG concerning food intake (FG = 76.46±31.87 g; CG = 76.7±33.36 g; p = 0.9613) and equivalent to CG concerning litter size (FG = 4.94±2.34; CG = 5.5±3.19; p = 0.435). The same was found for milk fat content (FG = 18.4±4.76; CG = 15.3±6.03; p = 0.204) and total energy value (FG = 212.92±46.4; CG = 181.1±60; p = 0.1964). FG was similar to CG both in offspring body weight at weaning (FG = 37±6.96 g; CG = 32.6±7.5 g; p = 0.1817) and in weight gain (FG = 31.8±7.0 g; CG = 27.7±7.5 g; p = 0.2104). CONCLUSION: A total of 25% flaxseed promoted an adequate offspring growth.

Efeito da semente de linhaça no crematócrito do leite de ratas e sua contribuição no crescimento corporal dos filhotes / Effects of flaxseed on rat milk creamatocrit and its contribution to offspring body growth

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o efeito da semente de linhaça no crematócrito do leite de ratas e crescimento corporal dos filhotes durante a lactação. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se 22 ratas Lister Hooded divididas em dois grupos: controle (GC, n = 11), que recebeu ração caseína com 17 por cento de proteína; e linhaça (GL, n = 11), que recebeu ração com 25 por cento de linhaça acrescida de 14 por cento de caseína, totalizando 17 por cento de proteína. Controlou-se o consumo de ração das ratas por gaiola individual, número de crias, e avaliou-se o crematócrito do leite materno e variação ponderal dos filhotes até idade de desmame. RESULTADOS: O GL foi semelhante ao GC no consumo de ração das ratas (GL = 76,46±31,87 g; GC = 76,7±33,36 g; p = 0,9613) e equivalente ao GC no número de crias (GL = 4,94±2,34; GC = 5,5±3,19; p = 0,435). O mesmo foi verificado no teor de gordura do leite materno (GL = 18,4±4,76; GC = 15,3±6,03; p = 0,204) e valor energético total (GL = 212,92±46,4; GC = 181,1±60; p = 0,1964). O GL assemelhou-se ao GC tanto no peso corporal dos filhotes ao desmame (GL = 37±6,96 g; GC = 32,6±7,5 g; p = 0,1817) quanto na evolução ponderal (GL = 31,8±7,0 g; GC = 27,7±7,5 g; p = 0,2104). CONCLUSÃO: Um total de 25 por cento de linhaça promoveu um crescimento adequado aos filhotes.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of flaxseed on rat milk creamatocrit and its contribution to offspring weight gain during lactation. METHODS: The study was conducted with 22 Lister Hooded rats divided into two groups: Control Group (CG, n = 11), which received a casein-based diet with 17 percent protein, and Flaxseed Group (FG, n = 11), which received a 25 percent flaxseed diet supplemented with 14 percent casein, totaling 17 percent protein. Food consumption was controlled per individual cage and litter size. Maternal milk creamatocrit and offspring weight variation until weaning age were also evaluated. RESULTS: FG was similar to CG concerning food intake (FG = 76.46±31.87 g; CG = 76.7±33.36 g; p = 0.9613) and equivalent to CG concerning litter size (FG = 4.94±2.34; CG = 5.5±3.19; p = 0.435). The same was found for milk fat content (FG = 18.4±4.76; CG = 15.3±6.03; p = 0.204) and total energy value (FG = 212.92±46.4; CG = 181.1±60; p = 0.1964). FG was similar to CG both in offspring body weight at weaning (FG = 37±6.96 g; CG = 32.6±7.5 g; p = 0.1817) and in weight gain (FG = 31.8±7.0 g; CG = 27.7±7.5 g; p = 0.2104). CONCLUSION: A total of 25 percent flaxseed promoted an adequate offspring growth.

Vitamin B12 in metformin-treated diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of vitamin B12 deficiency and the factors associated with serum vitamin B12 levels in a sample of metformin-treated Brazilian diabetic patients. METHOD: Cross-sectional study. RESULTS: 144 patients were included. Serum vitamin B12 levels were low (< 125 pmol/L) in 10 patients (6.9%) and possibly low (125 - 250 pmol/L) in 53 patients (36.8%). Serum vitamin B12 levels were negatively associated with age (B = -3.17; ß= -0.171; p = 0.037) and duration of metformin use (B= -33.36; ß= -0.161; p = 0.048), and positively associated with the estimated intake of vitamin B12 (B= 67.96; ß= 0.249; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated diabetic patients. Older patients, patients in long term treatment with metformin and low vitamin B12 intake are probably more prone to this deficiency.

Vitamin B12 in metformin-treated diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Brazil / Vitamina B12 em pacientes diabéticos usando metformina: um corte transversal no Brasil

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of vitamin B12 deficiency and the factors associated with serum vitamin B12 levels in a sample of metformin-treated Brazilian diabetic patients. METHOD: Cross-sectional study. RESULTS: 144 patients were included. Serum vitamin B12 levels were low (< 125 pmol/L) in 10 patients (6.9 percent) and possibly low (125 - 250 pmol/L) in 53 patients (36.8 percent). Serum vitamin B12 levels were negatively associated with age (B = -3.17; β= -0.171; p = 0.037) and duration of metformin use (B= -33.36; β= -0.161; p = 0.048), and positively associated with the estimated intake of vitamin B12 (B= 67.96; β= 0.249; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest a high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated diabetic patients. Older patients, patients in long term treatment with metformin and low vitamin B12 intake are probably more prone to this deficiency.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 em pacientes diabéticos brasileiros tratados com metformina e os fatores associados aos níveis séricos de vitamina B12. MÉTODO: Corte transversal. RESULTADOS: 144 pacientes foram incluídos. Os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foram baixos (< 125 pmol/L) em 10 pacientes (6,9 por cento) e possivelmente baixos (125 - 250pmol/L) em 53 pacientes (36,8 por cento). Os níveis séricos de vitamina B12 foram associados negativamente à idade (B = -3,17; β = -0,171; p = 0,037) e à duração do uso de metformina (B = -33,36; β= -0,161; p = 0,048) e positivamente com a ingestão estimada de vitamina B12 (B = 67,96; β = 0,249; p = 0,002). CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados sugerem alta prevalência de deficiência de vitamina B12 em pacientes diabéticos tratados com metformina. Pacientes mais velhos, em uso de metformina há muito tempo e com ingestão baixa de vitamina B12 estão provavelmente mais predispostos a essa deficiência.